2.4 – EUKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The structure of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953. With an understanding of DNA structure experimental evidence supported the proposal that DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner The Central dogma States that genetic information is encoded in the DNA and transferred to the mRNA during transcription. In addition to mRNA transcription, tRNA and rRNA are transcribed; tRNA is needed during translation while rRNA is a component of ribosomes. In eukaryotic transcription, pre-mRNA is synthesised and then processed to produce mature mRNA. Subsequently, through translation, the information on the mRNA is used to synthesise polypeptides, which are folded into functional proteins.
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
- Describe the structure and roles of DNA and RNA (tRNA, rRNA and mRNA) (knowledge of mitochondrial DNA is not required)
- Describe how the information on DNA is used to synthesis eukaryotes (description of the processes of transcription, formation of mRNA from pre-mRNA and translation is required)
Use the know/edge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
Outline
- Introduction to Gene Expression
- Central Dogma of Modecular Biology
- Gene Expression through RNA
- Similarities between RNA & DNA
- Differences between RNA & DNA
- Roles of RNAs
- Transcription: DNA à RNA
- Components of Transcription Machinery
- Gene
- RNA Polymerase
- General Transcription Factors
- Steps involved in Transcription
- Stage 1: Initiation
- Stage 2: Elongation
- Stage 3: Termination
- Components of Transcription Machinery
- Post-transcriptional Modification of mRNA
- Addition of 5’ Methylguanosine Cap
- Addition of 3’ Poly(A) Tail
- RNA Splicing
- The Genetic Code
- Triplet Code
- Features of the Genetic Code
- Translation: RNA à Proteins
- Components of Translation Machinery
- Mature Messengers RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Amino Acid Activation by Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
- Ribosome
- Translation Factors
- Steps involved in Translation
- Stage 1: Initiation
- Stage 2: Elongation & Translocation
- Stage 3: Termination
- Polyribosomes / Polysomes
- Free vs Bound Ribosomes – Protein Sorting
- Free Ribosomes – Synthesis of Cytosolic Proteins
- Bound Ribosomes – Synthesis of Targeted Proteins
- Components of Translation Machinery
- Post-translational Modification of Polypeptides
Requirements
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What is the target audience?
- This course is intended for anyone interested in learning to master his or her own body.
- This course is aimed at beginners, so no previous experience with hand balancing skillts is necessary
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CURRICULUM
Section 1: Introduction to Handstands
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Welcome to your second lesson review.
Here we will talk about your purposes on course and goal you want to reach
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Section 2: Reference Material, Moodboards and Mind Mapping
Wrist Strengthening
While your wrists will certain get stronger from practice and grow accustomed to the stress of the skill, a basic amount of wrist strengthening exercises for several weeks can only help things. I’d recommend working wrist curls and reverse wrist curls for around 6-10 reps for 3 sets. I also strongly recommend trying some sledgehammer levering. Work in 2-3 sets of 3-5 reps. In particular, exercises 1 and 3 are fantastic for building wrist strength and they are much harder than they look! Start with them to get the hang of sledgehammer work before you progress to the other two exercises. I don’t want somebody putting a hole through their floor or their face because they rushed things!
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This test will reveal how well you are acquiring the new material based on a short test of twenty questions and a brief written assignment.
Section 3: Sketching out Ideas
- The main objective to the sketching process is to generate super rough thumbnail sketches of what we feel best visually communicates the highlighted words from our mind maps.
- Take as much time as you need for this step — this might be 10 minutes or it might be 10 days.
- Personally, I like to work quickly and try not to analyze or elaborate too much.
- Now, that doesn't mean you should only create a handful of sketches.
- Even though this step only took a couple of hours, I was still able to put over 100 thumbnails on paper.
- The whole point of this process is to flush out the bad ideas and narrow down the good ones until we find that one layout that really speaks to us.
- Also, keep in mind the project brief and have your list in front of you as a reference to avoid getting sidetracked.
- Remember—detail is not needed. Simply flush out the bad ideas and find a great direction.
- Once I feel I have a good direction with the sketches, I'm now ready to take a quick photo with my phone and import it into Illustrator.
This test will reveal how well you are acquiring the new material based on a short quiz of ten questions and a short writing assignment.
Section 4: Conclusions and Evaluation
This final lecture will evaluate expectations and real gained knowledge and experience. Lecturer will share some self-development sources for further independent training of course participants.
Every course participant will be given a personalised practical task for creating branding logo design for real companies.
Every course participant will have to present his final assessment task result in his chosen individual manner to the audience.
About Instructors
PAUL HUNTINGTON BERNARDO
Healthcare & Life Sciences Strategy Consultant
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