Describe the structure and roles of DNA and RNA (tRNA, rRNA and mRNA) (knowledge of mitochondrial DNA is not required)
Describe how the information on DNA is used to synthesis eukaryotes (description of the processes of transcription, formation of mRNA from pre-mRNA and translation is required)
The nuclear genomes of eukaryotes differ greatly in size, number of genes and gene density from one another. The number of chromosomes differs between species and, in addition, certain organelles in eukaryotes possess small amounts of their own DNA. Eukaryotic genomes generally have a higher proportion of non-coding DNA to coding DNA.
In prokaryotes, operons, like the trp, and lac operons. Regulate gene expression using repressible and inducible Systems. Regulatory genes encode proteins that control transcription of structural genes. In eukaryotes, regulation of gene ẹxpression can occur at the chromatin level, post-transcriptional level, translational level and/or even post-translational level. Basic molecular techniques allow scientists to study gene expression.
Changes to the DNA sequence or amount of DNA could have huge physiological impact on organisms. This concept illustrates how DNA mutations could result in sickle cell anaemia and Down syndrome in humans.
The development of cancer is a multi-step process that comprises gene mutations caused by environmental factors, biological agents or hereditary predispositions. These mutations might cause cells to bypass cell cycle checkpoints. Normally, two groups of genes are involved in regulating cell division: tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Mutations in either or both of these groups of genes may lead to the development of cancer.
In prokaryotes, operons, like the trp and lac operons regulate gene expression using repressible and inducible systems. Regulatory genes encode proteins that control transcription of structural genes. In eukaryotes, regulation of gene expression can occur at the chromatin level, transcriptional level, post-transcriptional level, translational level and/or even post-translational level. Basic molecular techniques allow scientists to study gen expression.
The nuclear genomes of eukaryotes differ greatly in size, number of genes and density from one another. The number of chromosomes differs between species and, in addition, certain organelles in eukaryotes possess small amounts of their own DNA. Eukaryotic genomes generally have a higher proportion of non-coding DNA to coding DNA. In addition to a large, circular chromosome, bacteria also have several plasmids. Even though bacteria reproduce asexually, they exhibit a great deal of genetic diversity through mutation and genetic transfer. In contrast to eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes, the viral genome varies according to the type of virus: the genome may be DNA or RNA in nature and single – or double-stranded. For RNA viruses, they may possess either positive-sense RNA (i.e. identical to viral mRNA and thus can be immediately translated) or negative-sense RNA (i.e. complementary to viral mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by RNA polymerase before translation).
Welcome to the fascinating realm of bacterial genetics! In this course, we embark on a journey into the intricate world of bacteria, delving deep into their genetic makeup, mechanisms of inheritance, and evolutionary processes. From the smallest organisms on Earth emerge profound insights into the fundamental principles of genetics.
The emphasis of this section is on how cell signalling processes can cause a physiological response in an organism. The circulatory system transports hormones from where they are secreted to the target cells. Hormones bind to specific binding sites – receptors found on the cell surface membrane or within the cell – to initiate the process of cell signalling.
